Claudia Sanchez-Bajo, PhD

"The public policy framework in the 21st century would be in the midst of a transition away from the classical Weberian model of the industrial period, due to a) a growing complexity and intersection of crises that multiply needs and urgencies, and b) a search for legitimacy for the responses to these crises. The public interest would now be "a collective enterprise involving government and many other actors and citizens as creators of value and co-producers of public outcomes, an idea that is turning public administration upside down" (Bourgon, 2011). According to Habermas, the end of integrated capitalism hinders the ability of nation-states both to stimulate growth and to guarantee a fair distribution of income or social security for the majority of the population (Habermas 2011). The region would then guarantee the homogeneity of living conditions on the basis of fair distribution, following the example of the Basic Law of the German Federal Republic (art. 106, line 2). Balibar replies that a 'demos' is needed, which emerges in the course and experience of democratization practices, both representative and participatory practices..... Vaillancourt (2019), understanding co-production as an implementation phase (public-private), prefers to speak of co-construction if the actors of civil society and economy participate actively from the beginning of the public policy process, both in deliberation and decision, contributing in parallel to the co-construction of knowledge." Translation from original in Spanish